Choosing Topics W/ Statistics for a Factual Argumentative Essay Is Simple

Choosing Topics W/ Statistics for a Factual Argumentative Essay Is Simple As soon as you're prepared to produce a thesis, take a look at these Argumentative Thesis Statement Examples. You are a genuine expert in regards to persuasive essay topics. Essays are definitely the most popular academic paper which may appear easy to write. Whether you are in need of a persuasive essay on divorce or another paper, we are here and prepared to assist. If that you may't prefer the field among many of alternatives, examine them with the help of defining the advantages and disadvantages of every. Selecting an emotional topic is also a great idea. Every kid reacts differently on their parents' breakup. You should likewise be able to bring in some intriguing sports facts. The reader needs to be impressed by how you defend your ideas. If you take a look at sports essay example from some websites, you might acquire misleading details. You're an actual topic enthusiast! There are a great deal of surveys and statistics about divorce on the web, therefore it won't be too challenging to assemble the info you demand. When it has to do with divorce, there are various disputable topicsfor example, the reasons people divorce or the effect of divorce on children. Argue should divorce be more difficult to obtain. Draw a contrast between divorce in a number of nations, or analyze the age and education of folks who divorce more frequently. By way of example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing standpoint. Needless to say, you must revolve around supporting your thesis statement in place of the opponents. Once every so often, your professor might provide you the liberty of writing an argumentative essay for college on the subject of your choice. The student should investigate a topic, evaluate evidence, collect, generate, and set a standpoint on this issue in a powerful and concise method. There's something for everybody in here. Even in the event that you don't like to argue with the points of different individuals, it's still true that you have to be prepared to compose an argumentative essay at any moment! Among the initial and main problems many face when they need to compose a persuasive essay for college or for another objective is selecting a topic. At one point, you feel relief for having the ability to write about whatever you desire. For students, if you're unfamiliar with an argumentative essay, bear in mind they are written to convince readers about a specific focus or point of view. It is crucial to get started with demonstrating the major idea of the entire piece so you and your readers are going to be on the identical page. At the conclusion of these list, you are going to discover links to a range of argumentative paragraphs and essays. Be sure to inspect the date a book was published, to make sure that you're receiving the most up-to-date details about a present issue or controversial topic, if you want it. When you are requested to select a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with. If you presently have a stand, it is going to be easy that you compose a thesis statement and find supporting arguments. Even if you think in a specific argument very strongly, if you lack the evidence to demonstrate your point, then your argument might just be as great as lost. Finding the most suitable arguments will allow you to prove your point and win. The primary purpose of writing an argumentative essay is to understand how to convince individuals to modify their perception of things they strongly believe in. You may have a look at the extra information on the best way to compose an eye-catching essay introduction with a hook. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. It is a particular type of academic writing.

How to Choose the Best Essay Topics For Your University of Chicago Application Essay

How to Choose the Best Essay Topics For Your University of Chicago Application EssayWhen preparing for your University of Chicago application essay, there are a variety of essay topics that you will need to know about. As you are always aware, these essays serve as your official submission to the university. Because of this fact, it is essential that you spend time researching on these topics so that you get the most out of the time you have with your essay. Here are some of the more popular essay topics that you will likely encounter when preparing for your University of Chicago application essay.This is a very important topic because it is one of the areas in which you will be able to show how you have used academic research to write your essay. Using academic research to highlight your knowledge and abilities will help you stand out from the crowd. If you have already gained admission to your college or university, you will want to use this topic to your advantage and make your st ory even more interesting.This is a very specific area in which you will want to utilize the powers of your written word. You can use this topic to detail your current skills that you have been working on. It is a good idea to focus on this section as this is the one that will receive the most attention from the admissions committee. Many admissions officers will encourage you to make this the focus of your essay, so this topic should be part of your final paper.This is another topic that is usually centered around your educational background. However, this topic will be written so that it offers insights into the work that you have been doing during your time in school. The admission committee will want to hear about your experience in school and the projects that you worked on.Finally, this is an essay topic that will focus on how you see yourself. You can use this as a way to create a personal perspective for your essay. It will include the experiences that you have had while sti ll in school. If you are currently on campus at your college or university, it would be helpful to include a short personal biography in your essay.Whatever type of essay topics you choose, remember that they will have to be related to your personal statement. Your personal statement is going to be the section of your essay that is going to be the highlight of your essay. You want to ensure that the essays that you submit to universities are at the top of the list of essays for the admissions committee.Remember that you will need to spend some time researching on the University of Chicago application essay topics before submitting your essay. This is the perfect time to evaluate the topics that you find most interesting and use them in your essay. This will ensure that you are able to offer the admissions committee something unique to their admissions committee.

Research Paper Topics For the Beginning PhD Student

Research Paper Topics For the Beginning PhD StudentIf you are just starting out with your doctoral studies and do not know where to start, it would be a good idea to study some easy research paper topics. There are a number of different research papers and topics that can be used to guide the direction of your future research. There are a lot of useful tips for beginning with some easy research papers and topics that you can use to help you decide on the topic that best suits your personal interests and needs.One of the nice research paper topics for the beginning PhD student is a study of the nature of art and psychology. There are a lot of theories that are present in the fields of art and psychology. Some of the theories involve the subject of psychology, such as the observer versus the observed, or the culture versus the object of study. Depending on the nature of your study, there are several options that you could choose to focus on.There are a few different research paper topi cs for the beginning PhD student, and some of these include:The first of the research paper topics for the beginning PhD student is science and ethics. You may have heard this a few times before but it is something that is very important. When you are studying science, you need to follow the guidelines of a particular school and branch of the discipline. This means that if you are planning on pursuing a career in biology, you would need to understand the steps involved in doing so.Some of the research paper topics for the beginning PhD student would include philosophy, religion, and morality. It can also be assumed that you are interested in religion or ethics as a career. Many religions emphasize the importance of ethics, such as the Baptist or Presbyterian or LDS Church.If you are thinking about a graduate program, some of the things that you will be expected to do are to decide which areas of science you would like to specialize in. Once you have decided on a specific area of int erest, you should spend some time researching this area so that you can learn how to do an excellent research paper topic.These are just a few of the easy research paper topics for the beginning PhD student. You should take the time to familiarize yourself with the different types of research paper topics that are available and choose the one that you feel is most appropriate for your specific field of interest.

Why You Should Write an Informative Essay Sample For Your The Grades in History Class

Why You Should Write an Informative Essay Sample For Your The Grades in History ClassThere are several reasons why you should think about writing an informative essay sample for your The Grades in History class. One reason is that by the time you have finished writing it, you will know more about the subject matter than if you had not written it. Two, you will find that you have a better comprehension of the content if you have done the work yourself rather than just reading through a textbook or reading it off the internet.The third reason is that this essay sample will also serve as an educational purpose. It will help you remember important information, and get to understand how important it is to organize the content in your own way.In addition, as a good student of history you know that not all topics in history are interesting or relatable to your life or how you view the world today. This means that you will find that by having a good idea of what the topic is about you will b e able to write more engaging essays.Writing an informative essay sample for a Grade History class can make a difference between the homework and the exam, especially if you feel you need to do well. This is because it shows that you know what you are doing and that you can be trusted with important assignments.If you are worried about whether writing an essay on a particular topic would really help you then this is one way to answer this question. You can ask your teacher and they will likely say that it will. Another advantage is that writing one for The Grades is much easier than that for an upper-level class.Some teachers will consider writing one for The Grades to be more demanding than a high-level assignment, but this is an incorrect assumption. Although some students who take these tests do find that they are being tested on more sophisticated topics, most of the tests are much like the otherlower-level tests.Writing an informative essay sample forth Grades will help you und erstand the important concepts of history and will therefore help you to develop a better understanding of the subject. Additionally, you will be writing something that will be used by other students and this means that they will get to see how important you are in their school. Even if you do not end up getting a high score in this test you will end up making a good impression on your classmates, and it will probably help you get into a good college.

Slaughter House Audit Essay Example

Slaughter House Audit Essay  © Kamla-Raj 2009 J Soc Sci, 19(2): 121-127 (2009) The Impact of Abattoir Activities and Management in Residential Neighbourhoods: A Case Study of Ogbomoso, Nigeria Y. O. Bello and D. T. A. Oyedemi Department of Architecture, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria KEYWORDS Abattoir. Abattoir Activities. Pollution. Ogbomoso. Local Built Environment ABSTRACT Abattoir is one of the facilities available in most towns and cities, as the killing of animals to supply meat for human consumption in them is a common practice in Nigeria. The danger posed on the local built environment and health of residents by those abattoirs located in residential neighborhoods as a result of pollution from their management is of great concern. The study therefore investigates the direct and indirect effects of management of abattoirs on the quality of local built environment and the health of residents in their vicinity using Ogbomoso as a case study. Water samples from selected wells in the study area were collected for analysis to investigate the effect on the water quality. Also, residents of buildings located approximately 100meters radius to the abattoir were randomly selected for interview using relevant indicators to investigate effects on their health. The result was analyzed using frequency count, chi-square and correlation test. The study indicated pollution of wells and air quality of the local built environment in the vicinity of the abattoir as well as reduced quality of health of residents in the area, as there were reported cases of elevation of excessive coughing, typhoid fever, diarrhea, and malaria and muscle pains among these residents. We will write a custom essay sample on Slaughter House Audit specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Slaughter House Audit specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Slaughter House Audit specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The study concluded with appropriate recommendations to address the problem and as well suggested the exclusion of abattoir facility from residential neighbourhood. INTRODUCTION The provision of facilities and services in cities and neighbourhoods is crucial to their sustainability and efficiency. The facilities and services in residential neighbourhood include among others: nursery and primary school, neighbourhood center, shopping center or market, retail shops, health centre, place of worship, police station, bank, petrol tation, children playground, public utilities sites for electricity, transformer, water service reservoir, some service industries, and abattoir. The location and management of these facilities and services in the neighbourhood are very important. One of the objectives of a neighborhood is to provide an environment in which the residents may have an easy walk to shopping centre where they may obtain their daily household goods, and other services and facilities. However, the disadvantage of locating some of these facilities in the neighbourhood outweighs the advantage. Abattoir is one of such facilities. The accessibility Correspondence author: D. T. A. Oyedemi Department of Architecture, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria Telephone: 2348034679049 E-mail: [emailprotected] com or [emailprotected] co. uk and nearness of abattoir and meat shops to consumers may present some merits, but the impact of its management on the local built environment and health of residents in abattoir vicinity poses great risk. More concern is being expressed over danger to health of residents who are neighbours to abattoirs, especially in developing countries where level of awareness is low. People are expressing dissatisfaction with the location and ways abattoirs in their neighbourhood are being managed. Today, residents who are neighbours to abattoirs doubt the compatibility of abattoir with residential land use. LITERATURE REVIEW Abattoir, also known as slaughter house is a place where animals are butchered for food. (Collins English Dictionary). Abattoir Acts (1988) defined abattoir as any premises used for or in connection with the slaughter of animals whose meat is intended for human consumption and include a slaughterhouse but does not include a place situated on a farm. Animals include cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and other equine animals. The killing of animals for community consumption is inevitable in most nations of the world and dated back to antiquity. Public abattoir had been traced to Roman civilization and in France by 15th and 16th centuries, public slaughter houses were 22 among the public facilities. In Italy, a law of 1890 required that public abattoir be provided in all communities of more than six thousand inhabitants. Similar things were reported in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands and Rumania (Jode Loverdo et al. 1906). Robert Forster (2005) reported that in United Kingdom, abattoirs or slaughterhouses perform a vital role in purchasing cattle, and sheep from farms and transforming them into carcass me at. He revealed that in 2001, there were about 360 licensed red-meat abattoirs in UK compared with almost 900 in 1990. In Nigeria, nearly every town and neighbourhood is provided with slaughter house or slaughter slab. Edwards et al. (1979) published on slaughter facilities for tropical conditions and observed that abattoir may be situated in urban, rural and nominated industrial site and that each has advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of the rural site according to him out-weighed those of the other sites and recommended that a rural location be chosen where possible. They recommended that abattoir should be built on firm gently sloping land away from other buildings, residential areas and factories. He further suggested that the site for abattoir should be chosen well away from town boundaries including projected town boundaries. Abattoir management provides a service in slaughtering of animals. Edwards et al. (1979) reported that the slaughter of animals in abattoirs of developing countries was carried out in unsuitable buildings by untrained slaughter men and butchers that were unaware of sanitary principles. Wastes generated by abattoirs are potential environmental quality problems. Raymond (1977) submitted that, problem may be more dependent upon the abattoir activities or operation practices and waste management techniques than the size of the operation, the number of cattle or amount of waste involved. In Nigeria, Sridhar (1998) reported that, a cow brought for slaughtering produces 328. 4Kg of waste in form of dung, bone, blood, horn and hoof. Robert (2005) submitted that the disposal of waste product is a problem that has always dominated the slaughter sector and on average, 45 per cent of each live beef animal, 53 per cent of each sheep, and 34 per cent of each pig consist of non-meat substances. The characteristics of slaughter house waste and effluent vary from day to day depending on the number, types of stock being processed and the method (Tove 1985). Waste generated by abattoirs include solid waste, Y. O. BELLO AND D. T. A. OYEDEMI made up of paunch content, bones, horns, and faecal components, slurry of suspended solids, fat, blood and soluble materials (Sangodoyin et al. 1992). Raymond (1977) however reported that waste can affect water, land or air qualities if proper practices of management are not followed. Animal waste can be valuable for crops but can cause water quality impairment. It also contains organic solids, trace heavy metals, salts, bacteria, viruses, other micro organisms and sediment. The waste from animals can also be washed into streams if not protected and reduces oxygen in water, thereby endangering aquatic life. Raymond (1977) also reported that improper animal waste disposal can lead to animal diseases being transmitted to human through contact with animal faeces. Cooper et al. 1979) reported that abattoir effluent reaching streams contributed significant level of nitrogen, phosphorous and biochemical oxygen demand and other nutrients resulting in stream pollution. George (1987) attributed excessive nitrate problem in New Zealand ground waters to concentrated livestocks and manure usage. Sangodoyin et al. (1992) also reported that the ground water quality in vicinity of the abattoir were adversely affected by seepage of abattoir effluent as well as water quality of re ceiving stream that was located away from the abattoir. The health of the city is linked to the health of the dwellers. The health of the dweller is affected by the environment. In every neighourhood, there is a considerable range of biological and chemical pollutants that cause or contribute to diseases. Some may pose health risk for specific particular group while others for the entire neighourhood. Carolyn et al. (1985) reported that pathogens from cattle waste could be transmitted to humans via water-based recreations. The wells in the meat processing areas sometimes result in been polluted. Wells in vicinity of abattoirs which serves as source of water to the abattoir users was traced by Sangodoyin et al. 1992) to be polluted by effluent from the abattoir and constitute health risk for the butchers and users of the wells. Noise pollution was reported by Oyedemi (2004) to be associated with abattoir activities and location. Wing and Wolf (2000) noted decrease health and quality of life of residents around intensive livestocks operations and hinted that respiratory and mucous membrane effects were common with neighbours of intensive swine operation. Medical experts were reported by Oyedemi (2004) to have associated some THE IMPACT OF ABATTOIR ACTIVITIES AND MANAGEMENT IN RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOODS 23 diseases with abattoir activities which include pneumonia, diarrhea, typhoid fever, asthma, wool sorter diseases, respiratory and chest diseases. E . coli infection source was reported to be undercooked beef which has been contaminated, often in abattoirs, with faeces containing the bacterium. (Encarta 2005). These diseases can spread from the abattoir to the neighourhood via vectors or animals. However, growing population with increase in demand for meat has resulted in increased abattoir related pollution and has attracted intervention in many developed countries. There is high level of awareness on pollution from animal waste (including abattoir) whether in the farm or in the city and over the years several measures have been put in place to protect the public health and the environment (Merington et al. 1984). According to Robert (2005), in 1992, the European Commission introduced a Pan-European fresh-meat directive designed to standardize structural and hygiene regulations for abattoirs in all EU countries. The requirement was said to have a profound impact on slaughter industry structures in the United Kingdom. Similar intervention was recorded in United States of America with the introduction of Abattoir Act (1988) . In the contrary, little intervention or response had been made in the developing nations. OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA The study was carried out in Ogbomoso , Oyo State, Nigeria. Ogbomoso is the second largest city in Oyo state after the state capital, Ibadan . Ogbomoso is the administrative headquaters of both Ogbomoso North and South Local Governments. It is situated 57 kilometers SouthWest of Ilorin, the capital of Kwara state, 104 kilometers North of Ibadan and 58 kilometers North –West of Osogbo, the capital of Osun state. The popular Atanda abattoir was chosen for the study with the large expanse of built up area comprising of low, medium and high housing densities. Majority of residents are civil servants and traders. The abattoir harbors meat shops where slaughtered meat is sold. There are two wells within the slaughter area. The abattoir is surrounded at the south with residential developments and in the north by office complex and west and east by school and shops respectively. The abattoir is about 200meters from the main road (Ibadan-Ilorin road). METHODOLOGY Data for this study was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary source was through two sets of structured questionnaire. One set was designed for the abattoir users to obtain information on ownership, year of establishment, available facilities in the abattoir, average number of cows killed per day, abattoir staff strength, operation and activities, waste disposal methods employed, and other abattoir management issues. The other set was designed for the residents to address the resident’s characteristics: age, sex, household size, marital status, effect of the abattoir on their environmental conditions, water quality especially for residents with well as source of water supply. Few questions were asked on their health history and life style, for example, do you smoke? A positive answer may interfere with findings on effect of abattoir on residents’ health. The second section of the questionnaire listed several symptoms that may be associated with abattoir or possibly related to air borne emission from abattoir activities or pollutants. Symptoms that are not related were also included as a check. Respondents were requested to report frequency of symptoms, whether very often, often, occasionally or never. In the residential area around the abattoir, residents in buildings approximately 100meters from the abattoir were randomly selected for questionnaire administration. In all, 95 residents were randomly selected. The secondary source was through relevant past studies, magazines and journals. The information collected was analyzed based on frequency, chi-square and correlation statistics. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The investigation carried out revealed that the abattoir had been in operation for more than thirty years. The slaughter slab provided in the abattoir is covered to provide shield from elements of weather. It is not fenced. On scale of operation, average numbers of fifteen cows are slaughtered daily in the abattoir. The cows are usually brought from the cattle ranch or cattle market which is located about one kilometer away from the abattoir. The movement of the cows through the neighborhood street from the cattle ranch to the abattoir is among the nuisance reported by residents that the abattoir location in their neighborhood constituted. There is usually traffic 124 hold-up along the abattoir street every morning when cows are being taken to abattoir for slaughter from the cattle ranchmarket. The method of killing of cattle in the abattoir is the traditional method of slaughtering at the slaughter slab after inspection by the health officers. Deep wells are the source of water supply for the abattoir. Carcasses are cut up and sold to prospective buyers in the abutting meat shops. Waste generated in the abattoir include: bones, blood and dung. There is no special waste disposal system or treatment. Dung is piled up and waste water containing blood and dung are discharged into a nearby stream without treatment. This resulted into pollution of surface and underground water especially of the abattoir and residents in the abattoir vicinity. Bones and hooves collected in the abattoir were burnt at the abattoir site causing smoke and air pollution. From the result of the survey on characteristics of the respondents, (Table 1) sixty percent of the respondents were female. Fifty five percent of the respondents are married and seventy two percent are tenants while forty five percent of the respondents have lived more than five years in the neighborhood. Fifty three percent of the respondents are employed outside of the home but eighty three percent spent average of ten hours daily at home. On the household size of the respondents, forty seven percent falls within 3-4 household size. Ninety eighty percent of the respondents were fully aware of the abattoir’s closeness to their residents. However, ninety nine percent reported that they met the abattoir in the area when they moved in to their present houses. Eighty two percent of the respondents do not smoke. The source of drinking water for the majority is deep well; sixty eight percent of the respondents depend on well water. Ninety four percent of the respondents revealed that the abattoir in their area constitutes a nuisance to them and fifty eighty percent reported contamination of their wells with abattoir effluent. Bad odour from the abattoir was reported to constitute air quality impairment by thirteen percent of the respondents. Ninety eight percent of the respondents reported that the bad odour limits children outdoor recreation, affects breathing, causes respiratory ailment and prevents opening of windows especially in abattoir direction. Ninety four percent also reported the incidence of flies and insects in high number due to the abattoir location. The microbial test carried out on samples of water collected from the abattoir Y. O. BELLO AND D. T. A. OYEDEMI and resident’s wells indicated pollution of water quality. Result revealed the contamination of water by waste from the abattoir with a total of sixty six organisms belonging to seven different genera of public health importance isolated from the samples. The presence of these organisms in the wells that serve as a source of domestic water supply to the neighbourhood is a significant health risk. Residents whose source of water is well also confirmed notice of contamination of their wells with abattoir effluent. The effect of abattoir pollutants on air quality was easily perceived and reported by respondents. Over seven three percent reported disturbance of bad odour from the abattoir. They reported that it limited children outdoor recreation. Another effect reported was the contamination of food items of residents in abattoir vicinity by flies and insects; flies and mosquitoes were in abnormal rate. These insects and flies were reported to be attracted to the area by abattoir waste. Other limitations imposed on residents in abattoir vicinity by abattoir nuisance are noise pollution from the abattoir, inability to open windows in the direction of the abattoir and prevention of normal breathing. Forty three percent reported interference of odour with their breathing. Fifty eight percent were willing to relocate from the area because of the negative effects of the abattoir On effect of abattoir activities on health of respondents, studies cited previously have reported elevation of some symptoms among residents of intensive livestock operations (Wing and Wolf 2000). In this study, headache, excessive coughing, shortness of breath, heart burn, diarrhea dysentery, general body weakness, fever and typhoid fever were reported to be elevated generally among residents in abattoir vicinity (SPSS output). Results indicated the symptoms experienced at least often by residents in abattoir vicinity to include excessive coughing, typhoid fever, shortness of breath, diarrhea, fever and muscle pain. The test of significance of these prevalent symptoms (statistical method-SPSS output) indicated possible association with battoir activities. However, biases are issues in any survey. It is possible for respondents to have reported occurrence of more symptoms because of their personal feelings about the negative impact of the abattoir operation in their area. However, this was observed to be limited or not to have been done as some symptoms not related to abattoir activities included in the questions to check this excess indicated lowest occurrence. THE IMPACT OF ABATTOIR ACTIVITIES AND MANAGEMENT IN RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOODS 125 Cholera, asthma and pneumonia were expected to be among physical health symptoms to be elevated among respondents in abattoir vicinity, as they are associated with abattoir activities. However the case was otherwise in the study. Results however showed that pollutants from abattoir activities have direct and indirect effects on human and the local built environment, especially those in close proximity to abattoir. However, weather condition at the time surveys were being carried out could have influenced findings. Some respondents reported that the negative effects are more severe during dry season than presently. Study was not able to evaluate levels of impact on residents within the same area but at different distance to abattoir. There is possibility of different level of effect because of differences in distance, building orientation or elevations, direction, physical barrier and amount of time spent at home. Study was also not able to evaluate health impact on specific population group. Such groups include children, aged, and asthmatic patients. There may be possibility of different group being affected differently by abattoir activities. These are possible areas of future inquiry. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The study revealed that abattoir activities and management have direct and indirect effects on the built-up environment and health of people especially residents in abattoir vicinity. The study indicated negative impact of abattoir activities on air and water qualities of residents within abattoir vicinity especially abattoir where special or effective waste disposal system is not practiced. The health quality of residents living in abattoir vicinity was revealed to be reduced due to effect of pollutants from abattoir activities located in their neighbourhood. It was noted that children outdoor recreation in abattoir vicinity was also limited. Therefore, there is need to control abattoir as strictly as industries have been controlled in matter of location and management in Nigeria. Abattoir should be excluded from facilities to be located within residential neighbourhood. It should be included and treated as among industrial land use or agricultural land use. For abattoir planning and construction, regulations controlling the movement and slaughter of live stocks, the availability of service and staff in abattoirs should be made. For large battoir, provision should be made for separate livestock market for sheep, goat and cattle, fresh water pumping station or storage and waste treatment plant. The abattoir management system should include a waste management plan designed for abattoir operation Legislative measures are also necessary. Laws and rules on zoning, land use, and waste regulation to control the location and management of abattoi rs should be made. The government should enforce existing laws related to abattoir and new ones. Design criteria and siting restriction which include setbacks from neighbours and buffer must be specified. Measures to protect against encroachment into buffer by property developers should be provided. Rules requiring odour abatement plans and provision of environmental impact assessment for abattoirs should be enforced. Licensing of abattoir, certification of all operators as well as training of employees involved in abattoir activities should be made. In addition, public awareness and enlightment on possible impact of pollution from abattoir wastes should be embarked upon by relevant agencies and public participation to be included in the development of policies for abattoir management. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors acknowledge Mr Adewale Adelowo ,department of Pure and Applied Biology, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso for assisting on microbial test on water samples and providing the interpretation and implication REFERENCES Abattoir Acts 1988. Retrieved 2003 from http//www. Irishstatutebook. i. e/1988/en/act/pub/0008/index. html Carolyn CB, Buckhouse JC 1985. Coliforms Are Indicators of Water Quality in Wild land Streams. Journal of Soil Water Conservation, 40: 95-97. Cooper RN, Hoodle JR, Russel JM 1979. Characteristics and Treatment of Slaughter House Effluent in New Zealand. Prog Water Technology, 11: 55-68. Edwards E, Hector OA. , Norman GA, Silverside D 1979. Slaughter Facilities for Tropical Conditions: A Guide to the Selection and Costing of Appropriate Systems. London: Tropical Product Institute. Encarta Encyclopedia Standard 2005. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. Forster Robert 2005. Meat Parking Industry. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Standard. George RH 1987. Agricult ural Chemicals and Ground 126 Water-Extent and Implications. American Journal of Alt Agric, 2: 3-13. Jode Loverdo, Martel H, Mallet J. 1906. Les Abattoirs Publics, H. Dunod et E. Pinat, Editeurs, Paris. Merrington G, Winder L, Parkinson R, Redman M 1984. Agricultural Pollution: Environmental Problems and Practical Solutions. London. Taylor Francis (Spon Press). Oyedemi DTA 2000. The Impact of Abattoir Location and Management on Surrounding residents in Ibadan, Nigeria. M. Tech. Thesis (unpublished), LAUTECH, Ogbomoso. Raymond C L 1977. Pollution Control for Agriculture. New York: Academic Press Inc. Y. O. BELLO AND D. T. A. OYEDEMI Sangodoyin AY, Agbawhe OM 1992. Environmental Study on Surface and Ground Water Pollutants from Abattoir Effluents. Bioresource Technology, 41:193200. Elsevier Science publishers Ltd. Great Britain. Sridhar MKC 1988. Government/Private Sector Partnership. Effective Tool for Solid Waste Evacuation and Management. In: A Tokun, AA Adegbola (Eds. ): Proceedings of the Workshop on Engineering Development and the Environment. Nigeria: Prost Publishing, pp. 41-50. Tove S 1985. Slaughter House Cleaning and Sanitation. Animal Product and Health. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Paper No 53. New York: UN. THE IMPACT OF ABATTOIR ACTIVITIES AND MANAGEMENT IN RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOODS 127 APPENDIX Table 1: Characteristics of the respondents and their answers to abattoir activities Characteristics Sexmale female Frequency (percentage) 40 60 Characteristics Age10-18 19-40 41-60